Gandhi Essays - 1750 Words

Name ___Luis Millan________________ Date ____July 21, 2014_____ Team Topic _______GANDHI______________ Discussion Guide for Gandhi Video: (Complete all 17 of these questions to answer prior to class, please.) 1. What was the principle or personal lesson that Gandhi taught his Christian clergyman friend, from the clergyman’s own law? Gandhi taught many lessons to his Christian clergyman friend, but the principal was probably that the lesson taught in the bible need it to be implemented in real life, on each act of our life and not only be preach. 2. What was the irony of Gandhi fighting for Indian freedom while dealing with a caste system mentality in his own home? As he was â€Å"fighting† freedom for his country from the†¦show more content†¦Adopting the traditional clothing helped Gandhi to appear as any of the millions of Indians, leaving as a common Indian he was able to understand from firsthand the situation a difficulties that his country was facing , in addition he presented himself to the rest of the population as a real Indian. 9. What was the impact of Gandhi’s teaching as it related directly to the personal servants in the homes he visited? Was it effective? Once again, he wanted to show to his friends, comrades and all India that they needed to free there self from the cast segregation, and have a respect for all humans at the same time they were searching from freedom. He taught them that no job or task, therefore man was less important that another, and dignity is not related to money or status. 10. What did Gandhi mean that he was not talking about â€Å"passive† revolt? Note these events: â€Å"In the end, the British will walk out†; 100,000 Englishmen cannot control 350 million Indians if they refuse to cooperate †¦ Note the terms used: The difference between passive aggression (very popular in many personality studies today) and passive non-cooperation--The gamble of inconsistency is most damaging to which? When Gandhi referred to his movement as an aggressive one, he was not talking about violence, he was figuratively speaking, meaning that their aggression will consist on a unstoppable non-violent movement that willShow MoreRelatedGandhi : The Essential Of Gandhi851 Words   |  4 Pagesessential of Gandhi is anthology of his life. It is separated into two parts. One as Gandhi the man and the other as the Mahatma meaning Great Soul. I was very much well interested in the readings of The Essential Gandhi. What I was most interested in was that he spoke with so much determination and compassion. His firm belief in nonviolence was presented very strongly. â€Å"I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent. Gandhi believedRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : Gandhi ( Gandhi )1176 Words   |  5 PagesKaramchand Gandhi, also known as Gandhi Ji, Mahatma Gandhi and Bapu. He was a nationalist leader in India, known for establishin g freedom in India from British through nonviolent movement. He professed the term’s passive resistance and civil disobedience insufficient for his work, however he devised a term called, Satyagraha (truth and firmness). He worked his whole life for peace and freedom in India, which I think, is something to be acknowledged by millions of people. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wasRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And The Darkness1198 Words   |  5 PagesJanuary 30, 1948. The light he was referring to was Mohandas Gandhi and the darkness was caused by his assassination. Mohandas K. Gandhi by Charles Shields and Gandhi by Catherine Clement were the books I referenced. Gandhi was an Indian who dedicated his entire life to gaining independence for India without the use of any violence. He also believed in equality for all, no matter their religion or race. Throughout his entire life, Gandhi has demonstrated that he possessed many admirable qualitiesRead MoreGandhi Movie Analysis1085 Words   |  5 PagesPlot Summary for Gandhi (1982) More at IMDbPro  Ã‚ » ad feedback In 1893, Gandhi is thrown off a South African train for being an Indian and traveling in a first class compartment. Gandhi realizes that the laws are biased against Indians and decides to start a non-violent protest campaign for the rights of all Indians in South Africa. After numerous arrests and the unwanted attention of the world, the government finally relents by recognizing rights for Indians, though not for the native blacks ofRead MoreGandhi : The World Of Mahatma Gandhi1320 Words   |  6 PagesKrupnik Comparative World Religions May 6, 2016 Research Paper: Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, better known to the world as Mahatma Gandhi is one of the world’s main faces when we think or talk of the Indian independence movements, women’s rights and all around freedom for humanity. This individual used strategies and tactics of his own to achieve justice for the Indian culture while he was alive. Gandhi also worked to reform traditional Indian society in India as he was a mahatmaRead MoreGandhi Satyagraha1402 Words   |  6 Pagesfigures in the history of India, Mohandas K. Gandhi, also known as the Mahatma, or The Great Soul, was the spiritual and practical founder of active non-violent resistance, a concept called Satyagraha. Also known as  ¡Ã‚ °soul-force ¡Ã‚ ± or  ¡Ã‚ °truth-force ¡Ã‚ ±, Gandhi developed this revolutionary technique as a method of gaining political and social reforms against the injustices experienced by Indians under British Colonial rule. For most of his life, Gandhi devoted himself to perfecting th e SatyagrahaRead MoreMohandas Gandhi Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesMohandas Gandhi once said â€Å"When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it--always.† (Manas). Gandhi was the most well-known spiritual and political leader during India’s independence movement. Born in India, Gandhi spent a large part of his life in South Africa. Taking part in civil-rights activities in South Africa, Gandhi returnedRead MoreGandhi Film Review Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesdo not know what religion means† (Gandhi, 1957; 504). These words are only a glimpse of Gandhi’s revolutionary sight that changed Western intellectuals. As we continue to remember his blessings, Gandhi will be known as a leader of the successful freedom struggle and a representative of the highest level of thinking in the Hi ndu religious tradition. Mohandas Gandhi had many accomplishments throughout his 78 years of life. To briefly outline a few, Gandhi successfully accomplished to abjureRead MoreMohandas Gandhi : A Of Gandhi s Leadership Essay1778 Words   |  8 PagesGandhi’s Leadership Mohandas K. Gandhi was born and raised in Porbandar, India on October 2, 1869 into a family of a privileged caste (Gandhi Desai, 1927). He was raised by a father who was the Chief Minister of Porbandar and a mother of great devotion to the Hindu religion, and he was given thorough educational opportunity, which led to his attainment of a law degree (HISTORY, 2015). While traveling to begin a new position at an Indian law firm in Natal, South Africa, Gandhi experienced racial bias andRead MoreIndira Gandhi Negative Positive2875 Words   |  12 Pagesnegative Indira Gandhi  was the most corrupt politicians of all time . Her politics was so ugly that to remain in power and stay as uncrowned queen of India she imposed emergency in 1977 . She made extreme laws such as forcible vasectomy of men ( unmarried young men included ) to control  population of India  . She was an awful leader and one of the biggest criminal of all times . She ate away India financially and also caused a lot of mayhem .   When Sikhs opposed her regime ( in worlds largest democracy

The Life Of Gold Rain By Langston Hughes, An African...

â€Å"In Time of Silver Rain† The poem â€Å"In Time of Silver Rain† was written by Langston Hughes, an African American poet during the mid 1900’s. It is about new spring, happiness and new life after winter. The big theme of the poem is this silver rain. When Langston Hughes says â€Å"silver rain† it is a lot like the saying, a â€Å"cloud with silver lining†. Which means that with every sorrow there is joy, so you should never feel hopeless. In this case, the amazing joy of spring where life is new and full of hope comes after a bleak, long winter. Also rain is stereotypically bad, but in order for spring to come there must be rain. It is the reason there are

Plant Lectin on Blood Agglutination Free Essays

Lectin is a protein that is commonly found in certain plants such as grains   (wheat), legumes (soybeans and peanuts), and also can be found in potato, tomato, eggplant and pepper. It is found to be toxic, especially if the food containing it is undercooked. It causes damage to the gut wall in the stomach. We will write a custom essay sample on Plant Lectin on Blood Agglutination or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lectin’s toxicity may even cause rapid death. Lectin is a glycoprotein. As a glycoprotein, it is capable of binding to carbohydrate. It tends to bind to carbohydrates in specific and reversible manner. It is a protein that has binding site specific to carbohydrate. Because of this ability of lectin, it can cause agglutination of red blood cells. It does so by interaction with the sugar moieties of the cell wall leading to the clumping together of the cells. In blood agglutination by lectin, its active sites are the ones that bind to the sugar moieties present in the cell wall of the red blood cells These active sites are consists of certain amino acid residues. It was suggested that there are two or more amino acid residues that are present in the active site of lectin (cited in Sharon, 2007). Some of these amino acid forms hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group of the sugar or carbohydrate moiety. The other amino acids interact hydrophobically. Aside from these interactions, other kinds of interactions such as coordination with the metal, like interaction with the iron compound of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells, and electrostatic interaction might occur as well.   Further interaction of these active sites to other carbohydrate part of the blood cells results to large mass, then the clumping of cells occurs. Specificity of lectin towards carbohydrates depends on the kind of amino acid present in its active site. This made plant lectin found its usefulness in the field of medicine. One application of plant lectin is in determining blood group. Lectin can agglutinate specific types of erythrocytes. Different sources of lectin may have different active sites, therefore may dictate the kind of carbohydrate it binds with. Plant lectins, despite of the danger it may pose in our health, can be still useful in our life. As the study and research on lectin progresses, more benefits that we can derive from these compounds are revealed. Reference Sharon, N. (2007). Lectins: Carbohydrate-specific Reagents and Biological Recognition Molecules. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 5, 2753-2764. Retrieved December 9,   2007 from, http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/282/5/2753    How to cite Plant Lectin on Blood Agglutination, Essay examples

Battle Of Shiloh Essay Research Paper Johnston free essay sample

Battle Of Shiloh Essay, Research Paper Johnston # 8217 ; s program was to get the better of Grant before Buell could get with supports. He moved to assail on Apr. 3, but because of hold in the progress to the Union forepart, it was non until early on Apr. 6 that his military personnels fell upon the enemy near Shiloh Church. Grant # 8217 ; s place was unfortified, in malice of orders to the reverse from General Halleck, Union commanding officer in the West. Having violative programs of his ain, Grant expected no onslaught, and accordingly his irregularly placed divisions were thrown back in confusion at the Confederate assault ( Encarta.msn.com ) . At a cardinal place, known as the Hornet s Nest, 6 thousand Union military personnels under Prentiss and Gen. Wallace stood land. It was called the Hornet s Nest because the sounds of the slugs winging through the air back and away sounded like a hornet. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Of Shiloh Essay Research Paper Johnston or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The wall was broken when the Confederates brought 62 cannons and shooting at point space straight into the Union military personnel. This was the largest concentration of heavy weapon of all time assembled in North America to that point ( Bannister 84 ) . In the twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s contending the Confederates swept the field, but they suffered a immense casualty. Johnston was hit by a minie ball in the articulatio genus and bled to decease on the battleground. Beauregard, who assumed bid, was capable, but he could non prolong the impulse of the battle. Beauregard ceased conflict at nightfall. The Union forces had been pushed back over a stat mi from their first places but, although distressed, still Rizvi 3 held Pittsburg Landing, which the Confederates wanted to procure in order to cut off retreat. With 20,000 supports from the division at Crump # 8217 ; s Landing and the progress divisions of Buell # 8217 ; s ground forces, the Federal soldiers took the violative on Apr. 7. Beauregard, outnumbered and without fresh military personnels, resisted for approximately eight hours and so proceeded to retreat to Corinth ; the Union bid did non do any effectual chase ( Bannister 87-90 ) . After all the dust had cleared, 1000s of soma Internet Explorers lay motionless on the floor. The Battle of Shiloh had ruinous casualty Numberss. The approximative entire figure of casualties is 24,000 work forces. With 13,047 Union and 10,694 Confederate casualties, including a sum of about 3500 killed, more than twice the figure of solders fell at Shiloh than in all the old conflicts of the war combined ( Purcell 1780-1790 ) . Ultimately, Shiloh may be considered a Union triumph because it led to subsequently successful runs in the West. It was one of the bloodiest competitions of the war. It has been the topic of more contention than any other Civil War conflict. Furthermore, the Union ground forces had turned back a major Southern onslaught, keeping their place. The conflict opened the manner to divide the Confederacy along the Mississippi, which, in the long tally, meant licking for the Confederacy. The Battle of Shiloh was a presentation of the deathly efficiency of the new Rizvi 4 military engineering, particularly the effectivity of Civil war epoch heavy weapon. The conflict may hold affirmed the courage of Union and Confederate soldiers, but it ended any beliefs of immediate triumph for either side. After Shiloh, Grant said, I gave up all hope of salvaging the Union except by complete conquering. All in all, the Battle of Shiloh was one non to be forgotten by either side, and reconstructed the thought of war in the hereafter ( Henderson 590. ) Plants Cited Henderson, Nolan. The American Civil War: A Multicultural Encyclopedia Vol 6.. Danbury: Grolier Educational, 1986. Purcell, Edward L. and Purcell, Sarah J. Encyclopedia of Battles in North America. Facts on file, 1984. Shiloh, Battle of, # 8221 ; Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/982341.html. 1997-2000. Shiloh, The Battle of, . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. hypertext transfer protocol: //encyclopedia.com/articles/11861.html Columbia University Press, 2000.

Peer Pressure Essays (536 words) - Group Processes,

Peer Pressure Children grow up and move into teenage lifestyles, involvement with their peers, and how they look in other peoples eyes start to matter. Their hormones kick in, and they experience rapid changes in their minds, and bodies. They also develop a mind of their own, questioning the adult standards and need for their parental guidance. By trying new values and testing ideas with peers there is less of a chance of being criticized. Even though peer pressure can have positive effects, the most part is the bad part. Teens have more pressure to be cool, and to be accepted thats what makes them rebel of do what mom or dad had always told them not to do. They may know that it is wrong but it is all about looking cool for that second, or being safe and listen to your parents. Actually, when you are faced with a situation that you know is wrong you dont think about what your parents will think until you have already completed it and there is no turning back. Then there comes the punishment. That makes the teen rebel more and do more things to be cool and doesnt care. When you are a teenager and you have friends that ask you to do something for them and you do not then they get mad. Then think you are a loser and that is ever persons nightmare, to not be liked. Peer pressure is no piece of cake. It is like choosing the wrong thing for what you think is right at that very moment, and then regretting it afterwards, because your parents find out. But most would not care about what they do wrong or right. Unless there is a chance of parental disappointment, and a lot of the time that is the case. As children get older they seem to spend a lot more time with their friends, and a whole lot less time with their parents. Therefore what their friends say and do rub off on them, or they start to adopt what their friends do as right or routine. Even though they have been taught most of their lives that it was wrong, or they were taught what was right. They adapt a new style of clothes and a new vocabulary, mostly slang. And they get new hobbies and new tastes in music, friends have a big impact on all these things. These peer pressure incidents dont just occur in our teenage years. They also affect adults. In the work place, they are pressured to do as good as the other by bosses and owners and constantly compared to others. They are pressured to change the way they do things so they can compare to the other better employees. They are submitted to constant competition with their peers and they are always trying to be the best in what they do. Even though most of the pressure is when we are young and venerable, and well, curious. We still have the worries and pressures when we are all grown up. We have friends and as long as we have our friends we will have pressures. Psychology Essays

Continuing Disability Reviews

Continuing Disability Reviews What You Need to Know About Continuing Disability Reviews When you are awarded your Social Security Disability (SSD) or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) you may believe the benefits are guaranteed for a lifetime. However, it is important to know that the Social Security Administration conducts periodic reviews of those receiving benefits, called a Continuing Disability Review (CDR).As long as you are continuing to see your doctors and receive treatments, your condition has not improved and you are not working, there is virtually nothing to worry about. These reviews are typically only conducted every three or every seven years, depending on the severity of your condition. The process begins with a form from the Social Security Administration, and it may be determined you do not need a full CDR until the next time you are up for an evaluation.When Can You Expect a Continuing Disability Review to Happen? If the SSA decided your condition is likely to improve, you can typically expect a review every three years. If your condition is likely n ot going to improve, the continuing disability review would be every 7 years. However, some may be conducted sooner than 3 years. In the award letter for benefits, the SSA should have indicated when your first CDR will likely occur.There are some exceptions to the rule, including if medical evidence is found that determines your condition has improved or you go back to work. In these cases, the SSA can conduct a CDR at any time.What Will You Receive from the SSA to Begin the Process? For the review, you will be mailed either the short Disability Update Report or the longer Continuing Disability Review Report, depending on the circumstances of your condition. If you receive the short form, you will be asked questions about your condition, whether you are working or not, and any doctors’ visits or hospitalizations.Up to three months later, you will receive information in the mail from the SSA, which could conclude that you do not need a CDR at this time. Yet, if the SSA decides from the information you provided that your condition should be reviewed, you will receive the Continuing Disability Review Report.What is the Continuing Disability Review Report? For those receiving benefits whose conditions are expected to improve, you will automatically receive a longer Continuing Disability Review Report. The form includes questions about your condition, employment status, doctors visits and even your daily tasks.What Happens if You are Chosen for a Full CDR? It can take up to five months to receive a decision from the SSA. The majority of those who send in a Continuing Disability Review Report will not be selected for a CDR. However, if you are chosen, you must fill out and submit another form and from there, the SSA will conduct a review of your medical records.Can Your Benefits Be Stopped? Ater a full CDR is the only time benefits can be stopped, if it is determined that your medical condition has improved enough for you to be able to work. You may appeal th is decision, and you will want an experienced disability attorney on your side.Is There Anything You Should Be Doing to Help Ensure the Review Goes Smoothly? As mentioned, as a person who has won disability benefits based on the strong medical evidence you and your lawyer have provided, you should not be overly worried about a CDR. However, it is extremely important that you follow these tips below.Make sure you do not stop medical treatment. Keep regularly seeing your doctors and ensure your medical records are up-to-date.Continue to follow your doctor’s instructions in terms of treatments and medicationsEnsure you have all copies of important documents, including the SSA’s decision and medical records, handy.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could i mpact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan  works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the  Social Security Disability benefits  they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  now for a free consultation at  800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. continuing disability review, Detroit disability attorney, disability attorney, disability lawyer

Follys Antidote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Follys Antidote - Essay Example t so many questions as to why war seems to have to exist and why an evolved and civilized society aware of the past would ever continue to make such blunders into war. If there are any answers or hope to be found, Schlesinger points to where they may be found, in the awareness of our history and importance of utilizing that awareness for there to be any kind of hope for us. Schlesinger, in his article ‘Folly’s antidote’ has presented historians as persons with limited vision. Historical facts as perceived by them seem to have their own version of history which change when their perception towards things or events change. It is true because history has unlimited mysteries lost in the ruins of the times. Therefore, every historian is able to unearth something new about the past, under the demand of the present. The permutation and combination of the cause and effect of the present, has a tendency to look towards the past for the answers, thus motivating the historians to look at the history from a new angle and decipher the past events leading to the present. It is important to know the history of a nation because it gives them a better understanding of the present and a wider scope to improve their future. The one lesson that history teaches is to remember that nothing remains the same. Change is the key to history and people and place evolve through time to emerge in different forms. The fact has been acknowledged by the late President of America, John F. Kennedy who had said â€Å"We must face the fact that the United States is neither omnipotent or omniscient — that we are only 6 percent of the world’s population; that we cannot impose our will upon the other 94 percent of mankind; that we cannot right every wrong or reverse each adversity; and therefore there cannot be an American solution to every world problem† (Schlesinger). America seems to ignore the calls of the history and has repeatedly committed the folly of waging wars with Vietnam and

T-Mobile in Hungary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

T-Mobile in Hungary - Assignment Example If they find one of the advertisements good, they will choose that supplier. Advertisements targets are always the positional clients. The company is aiming to represent its products and services as the symbol of success. Its subscribers are always smiling, get an excellent quality, and never face any problem. While the struggle is very tough in Hungary, mobile providers struggle for every particular user. That is why T-Mobile (HU) emphasizes that all its subscribers belong to a big family and they made the right decision. They aim to get and keep users through motivating them to brand loyalty. T-mobile strategy implements the Total Quality Management (TQM) strategies upon their decisions. T-mobiles innovative and creative ideas upon their mobile handsets are purely to benefit the customers wants and needs. Functional management is found in T-mobile where specialist managers or expertise is required. Functional managers are usually concerned with a few tasks. Examples of this would be a human resource manager who is only concerned with staffing activities. Managers responsible for the all the activities in the T-mobile can be considered as line managers. They are involved in most of the organizational functions such as finance, production, human-relations, and marketing. There is a strong leadership presence in T-mobile Company. Leadership is the process of influencing and directing people towards the accomplishment of a goal or objective. Whether the job role is the supervisory or managerial position, you will need to show leadership skills. Leadership is measured by the willingness to accept direction from the employees. Leaders should be able to unlock peak performance from the workforce by using the concept of human motivation either using Positive reinforcement such as recognition, respect, praise or using Negative reinforcement such as removing privileges.

Women's Voices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's Voices - Essay Example As a specific brand presented across different showrooms in major US cities, Wacoal’s product line btempt’d appears to be creating a commercial space for swimwear and lingerie exclusively oriented toward women and their well being. However, the way these products are exhibited and advertised suggests that the company uses stereotypical concepts on women’s beauty and practically undermines the genuine comfort and health issues.Discussion  Wacoal has created a powerful commercial cult around its recently launched swimwear-cum-lingerie range named btempt’d. This brand specific space can be regarded as a highly distributed conceptualization and materialization of the company’s lingerie products across various media. Wacoal showrooms with btempt’d swimwear have been prepared along with other evolving business methods like online retiling and web based marketing. According to the website of Wacoal, â€Å"Making women look and feel their best has always been a part of Wacoal’s mantra† (paragraph 1). Such a stance might appear to be pro-feminist for a while. Having desire to look beautiful can be regarded as an innate property of human beings irrespective of gender. For a young girl, honing beautiful looks or proper grooming and dresses can lead to an effective makeover in a positive direction aimed at harnessing a better personality. Visiting the website of btempt’d product line or a showroom exhibiting Wacoal swimwear.... a young girl, honing beautiful looks or proper grooming and dresses can lead to an effective makeover in a positive direction aimed at harnessing a better personality. Visiting the website of btempt’d product line or a showroom exhibiting Wacoal swimwear, a spectator can easily find out that the presentation techniques used are highly dedicated to the beautification of women in general and young ladies are being particularly targeted. In the words of Wacoal, btempt’d is actually a range of â€Å"sexy, sophisticated, and flirty lingerie† (Wacoal, paragraph 2), aimed at exciting young girls. Implementing an analytical point of view, however, it can be stated that this approach of Wacoal is quite inter-contradictory. On one hand, the company states that it is concerned about women’s health and comfort issues, and the main target is to provide utility oriented innerwear. On the other hand, it is highly reluctant of using a bulky or less attractive girl (say, w ith dark complexion or a blunt nose) as its model or ambassador for practically exhibiting the lingerie. Clearly, this is a kind of prejudice which gives rise to internalized oppression. From the perspective of women in general, such an approach on the part of a commercial giant will attach extra value to physically more attractive women in the society. Furthermore, the company’s claims about its sense of corporate social responsibility remain quite ambiguous. The company states that it is committed to spreading awareness on breast cancer, whereas its sole publicity stance is based on women’s physically beauty and sexy appearance. The concept behind visualizing the ideal female model for a lingerie product is based on the perspective and desires of men, not women. So a young girl must feel good when she is

Akhism, Guild system in the ottoman empire

Akhism, Guild system in the ottoman empire GUILD SYSTEM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: FROM AKHISM TO GEDIK SYSTEM Akhism which is an organization founded by the Turkish people in Anatolia, is an important guild system for the Ottoman State when we take its regulatory role (of the social order) into consideration. In this paper, I will give detailed information about Akhism until its removal, including its origin, its importance, its guild organization, its norms and its roles in the society. Akhism; being an Arabic word which meant â€Å"brotherhood†, was the name given to the unions of artisans (esnaf) and craftsmen (zanaatà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±) between the 13th and 20th centuries. Akhi organizations were the associations which have been training their own craft members, which have been organizing and controlling the economic constitutions of the society (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:1) and as in all pre-capitalist societies, in Ottoman State, production was organized within the guild organization which had four levels as â€Å"errand boy† (à §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±rak), â€Å"apprentice† (yamak), â€Å"qualified workman† (usta), and â€Å"master† (Belge, 2005:312). Western orientalists say that the origins of the Akhism go back to the Islamic Futuwah tradition. The Arabic word Futuwah means youthful qualities. These youthful qualities are courage, generosity, hospitality and being skilled in all kinds of physical exercises (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay,1989:2-3). Although some Western social scientists think that Futuwah and Akhism have the same meaning and the same role, Ã…Å ¾anal Gà ¼Ãƒ §là ¼ (2007) think that they are different. They say that although Futuwah is more authoritarian and more religion based, Akhism is an organization which regulates the working conditions and every kind of needs of the artisans; and which is existing within the society, not being separated from it. Akhi organization which is based on the rules put by Islam scholars tries to provide ethical and well-behaved lifestyle to the artisans; and to ameliorate their craft level to a certain degree to protect standardization. Akhism is seen as the consequence of the service lacks of the state such as supplying security to the individuals, to their properties and to their honor; altering communication and education system, and providing equality of rights where there is not a strong juridical system. It is said that in Anatolia, Turkish people shaped and developed Futuwah organization and formed Akhism which is more different than Futuwah and which is proper to Turkish people. Although Futuwah tradition was more authoritarian about religion; and was commanding to the artisans to obey to the Islamic authority; Akhis had a big deal at the issues of economy and politics besides the morality. While Futuwah tradition gave more importance to the individual virtues and military characteristics; Akhism was an organization which helped Ottoman State to put military and administrative institutions in order and which constituted artisan and craftsmen corporations (CaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989: 1). The contribution of the guild system in the Ottoman States foundation period may not be despised (Belge, 2005:312). In Anatolia, the foundation of the Akhi organizations was the result of political and socio-economical necessities. At the 13th century, Turks who arrived in Anatolia from Turkestan for escaping from Mongolian invasion formed craft and commercial organizations among themselves to protect their solidarity and to survive amongst the native Byzantine craftsmen. They thought that they could exist only if they sell high quality and standard goods, in a sense by improving their own craft and commercial organizations. The organizations adopted the futuwwatnamas religious and moral rules as their laws and this led to the foundation of Akhism with the leadership of Akhi Evran and Abul-Hakaik Mahmud. Later, Akhi organizations were divided into 32 main branches of trade or art and fixed 740 Principles in their futuwwatnamas to form the moral and religious life. Every Akhi had to know 124 necessary Principles (Cagatay, 1989:48-51). According to Koprà ¼là ¼ (1984), the artisans who were members of these organizations had to obey to the strict moral rules. There were strong moral and solidarity ties among the members. Besides to protect their common interests, they were organized to provide moral control to each other in their all kind of worldly activities (economic, social). This statement shows us that Akhi organizations were important controlling mechanisms. Every branch of craft which was joined to an Akhi organization was recognizing a superior Protector and was accepting a chain of Protectors for the trade (for the tradesmen). The organization of Akhi was set up independently in each town and villages. But, they maintained their relationship with other towns and other villages. In each branch of Akhi organization which is a guild organization, Akhi Baba was the chairman of craftsmen of the guilds situated in the region (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989: 201). Fuat (1977) said that in 14th century, as Akhi organizations played a part in structuring military and administrative institutions of Ottoman state and in organizing social life within the society, to be a member of these organizations was accepted to be honored. There were also sultans who were Akhis such as Orhan Ghazi, Sultan I.Murat. Ottoman state was supporting Akhis and was providing them some privileges. In his book of â€Å"Ahilik nedir?†, ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1990) mentioned that Akhism was a multi-dimensional social organization. Its social roles may be grouped as below; To establish a hierarchical order based on four stages such as â€Å"errand boy† (à §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±rak), â€Å"apprentice† (yamak), â€Å"qualified workman† (usta), and â€Å"master† in workplaces. Members have to be stayed a definite time in each stage to be educated. The ties between the members have to be sincere as the relationship of fathers and sons and the craft has to be based on strong moral and occupational basis Producers and consumers self-interests and relationships have to be organized in a way which will not cause any problem between them To establish an organization which provides meeting and guest houses in all cities and all villages. Fuat (1977) mentioned that Akhi Baba who was the chairman of the craftsmen (of the guild) of a region and who was democratically elected by the members was responsible of making the zawia built. His commands and his warnings had to be obeyed. They had the administration power where the Sultan was absent. Zawias were places where religious and moral books were read, where Akhis were enjoying with dance or music. This shows that Akhis were not only religious peoples. According to ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1990), Akhi organization which was religion (Islam) based was a solid occupational and moral system. Their solidarity and their helping each other within the Akhi organization caused their superiority over the non-Muslims artisans and craftsmen. This situation continued until the second half of the 15th century. Belge (2005) said that when the society began to put its own rules; guilds had been transformed to social strata and they had lost their autonomy and authority; and they became limited to the production function. ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989) mentioned that Fatih Sultan Mehmed eliminated their political and moral power in the cities because of their expanded authority in the empire. The original Akhi spirit has been lost among the Ottoman craft-guilds by the end of 16th century, and they became occupational organizations which impose discipline to artisans and craftsmen. They lost their autonomy and became bound to the local representatives of c entral government (qadis) and then, qadis had the authority to choose Akhi leaders (Akhi Babas). According to Sencer (1999), although they hold some economic privileges and a degree of control over their members and production, they lost their autonomy and their administrative power. ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989) said that some craft branches rejected heavy regulations of the state and state tolerated some of them because of their importance to the economy. Thus, some craft-guilds such as leather and shoe trade could continue their occupation and they preserved their rules and their Akhi Baba tradition. So, we may say that when the state guaranteed its power, took the authority back from the Akhi organization and this caused the end of the privileges of Akhism. Guild was a typical medieval organization system; it was a conservative organization with its own logic. As their production was demand based, they had not a market problem. They had not an aim to expand their market. Although it was acceptable to have some qualified workmen (usta) who were seen as better and who were preferred for some needs; guild organization and logic behind it was preventing competition between craftsmen, especially in economic issues. This equality was functioning as law thanks to the fear of being opposed to the ethical rules which were accepted to be represented by their pir (who had started their craft work and who is thought to be a prophet) to whom they had a strong commitment (Belge, 2005:313). Esnaf (artisan) was the plural of the word class. At these times, in every war and expedition, there was a group of artisan and prostitutes who were moving with the army for logistics and some services. Evliya Celebi who had the best writings about the Ottoman guilds said that in 17th century; there were also thief and pickpocket guilds. He explained that this situation was not astonishing by saying in pre-capitalist times; Ottoman State was ordering people to be a member of an organization, to be in solidarity with the other members in this organization; and to be under the surveillance of this organization for having the right of free circulation in the city (Belge, 2005:313). This shows us that Akhi guilds had a responsibility to shape social life in cities by taking control of their members. After the 17th century, as Ottoman Empire was expanding to the new lands and as the non-Muslim population was increasing, the number of non- sectarian occupational organizations augmented. In this situation, Ottoman state wanted to erase the distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims. By a reform in 1727, guilds became reorganized within a new system called gedik which was not so different than the Akhi occupational organization in terms of the working process. But, what was different was that in gedik, there was not religious differentiation. Gedik meant monopoly and privilege. State had taken the authority of electing the person who would be the chairman of the guild. Therefore, guilds had lost their initiatives outside the state. Thus, guild was choosing the candidates and the state was electing them (Belge, 2005:313). According to ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1990), state began to fix the number of masters within all trades (meslek). Somebody outside the gedik could not perform the same craft of this gedik independently or could not sell the goods produced in these gediks according to the rules of the state. The state took the authority of giving mastery licences from the guild. State established gedik system for increasing central authority over the guilds. As the Muslim character of the guilds disappeared when the guilds became open to the non-Muslim artisans, the meeting place of the guild members of the Akhi organizations which was zawia was no more a meeting place for guild members. In these times, when non-Muslim could establish their own guilds, the new meeting place became lonca. Gedik type work organization which began in 17th century continued until 1860. As there was a monopoly rule at gediks, without a necessity, the number of workshops was not changed by the state. This meant that the number of workshops was stable at a number decided by the state. In gedik system, nobody could open a shop without getting his mastery licence from the state and also, they could not perform their skills. Monopoly rules aim was to prevent changes in numbers of craftsmen at the city, to obstruct the tenants to increase the rents, to impede the performance of craft outside the gediks and to protect the system of being educated in the gedik, starting as errand boy (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:111-118). So, state took the control completely. In the 19th century, after the declaration of Tanzimat Command in 3 November 1839, Ottoman State made trade treaties with foreign countries. Liberal economy of the foreign countries based on laisser-faire obliged Ottoman State to eliminate traditional monopoly over the craft and the trade seeing that monopoly rule was damaging the development of craft and trade and also, was causing states increased economic dependency to the Europe. Thus, the gedik system and all monopolies were abolished in 17 June 1861 with the command of Abdà ¼lmecit. The traditional craft-guilds continued until the Second Constitutional Monarchy period next to the newly established modern occupational associations. As the capitalist economy gained access in Ottoman State, traditional craft-guilds lost their all power and IttihatTerakki rule let this organization to create modern chambers as esnaf odalarÄ ± in 1910 (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:216-217). The Akhi organization is considered to be the basis of todays some institutions such as Esnaf Chamber (Esnaf OdasÄ ±), Trade Chamber (Ticaret OdasÄ ±), labor unions, BaÄÅ ¸-Kur, Turkish Standarts Institute (Tà ¼rk StandartlarÄ ± Enstità ¼sà ¼) and municipality (oztà ¼rk, n.d). Looking Akhis mode of dressing, according to ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989), they were not wearing silk clothes; they were not using gold ornaments. Because, in Islam, silk and gold were forbidden for men to use. Their turban (sarÄ ±k) was 5-6 metre. Their clothes were at the colors of blue, white, black and green. In zawias, guild members were learning Koran, Sufism, the languages Turkish, Persian, Arabic; they were dealing with history, literature; and also, they were learning how to cook, how to play game, how to play an instrument. Every Akhi organization had its own flag. In every craft-guild, there was mà ¼tevelliwho was taking care of every kind of problems about their craft. He was controlling private and occupational life of the members; he was organizing ceremonies of â€Å"errand boy†, â€Å"apprentice†, â€Å"qualified workman†, and â€Å"master†. ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989) said that every craft guild had 2 kinds of members such as internal (dahili) and external (harici). Externals were retired and disabled members. Internals were divided in to 4 groups: Errand boy: He has to be younger than 10 years old. His presence to work had to be provided by his father or his protector (veli) Apprentice: After working for 2 years without wage, errand boys were promoted to the apprentice position with a prepared ceremony. In these ceremonies, master was mentioning his solidarity and talents. The chairman of the ceremony was giving advices to the child about not lying, not leaving his ritual worship (namaz) and continuing his solidarity to the shop, being respectful to his parents; to his qualified workman and to his master. Chairman was deciding a weekly wage to be given by his master. Qualified workman: He has to be apprentice for 3 years. Ceremony was done in craft-guild. This day, he was wearing for the first time the clothes belonging to his craft branch. His master and other 3 masters were witnessing about his good morality. Chairman was giving necessary advices. Master: He had to be qualified workman for 3 years. There shouldnt be any complaints about him. He had to be peevish about educating errand boy. He had to have good relations with apprentices; he had to have a strong commitment to his craft. During his ceremony of being master, chairman was mentioning which prophet was the pirof their craft, and he was giving advices about doing the trade honestly, being respectful to other craftsmen and customers and being merciful to the public. At these times, education was not the responsibility of the state. Therefore, at these times, religious rules were the basis of the society. In Akhism, religion was the main point. Akhi organization was trying to make adopted a well-behaved (ahlà ¢klÄ ±) life to the craftsmen. Akhis were saying that if in this world, they would have a well-behaved lifestyle, in the other world (in ahiret), they would be rewarded by the God, by pointing Koran. In Akhi organizations, it was learned to gain money honestly without making any tricky act. It was learned that the money which they have been gaining had to be permissible (helà ¢l). Craftsmen had to give priority to his craft more than everything. Craftsmen believed that their pir who had first started their craft was a prophet. Thats why, on every shops wall, there was this couplet (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:157): â€Å"Her seher besmeleyle aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±lÄ ±r dà ¼kkanÄ ±mÄ ±z Hazreti . dir pirimiz, à ¼stadÄ ±mÄ ±z† Important Akhi rules What they have to do Eli aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k olmalÄ ±: He has to be generous KapÄ ±sÄ ± aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k olmalÄ ±: His door has to be open SofrasÄ ± aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k olmalÄ ±: His dining table has to be open What they should not to do Gozà ¼ kapalÄ ± olmalÄ ±: He has not to be plotter Dili baÄÅ ¸lÄ ± olmalÄ ±: He has not to say any bad words Beli baÄÅ ¸lÄ ± olmalÄ ±: He has not to dishonor anybody According to Cumbur (1975) cited in Tà ¼rk Esnaf TeÃ…Å ¸kilatÄ ±nÄ ±n kuruluÃ…Å ¸u ve Denizli, Akhism had four principles such as: Kuvvetli ve galipken affetmek Hiddetliyken yumuÃ…Å ¸ak davranmak Dà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸manlÄ ±Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± dostlukla, kotà ¼là ¼Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒ ¼ iyilikle karÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±lamak Kendi ihtiyacÄ ± varken elindekini baÃ…Å ¸kasÄ ±na vermek In this project, my subject was Akhism as a guild system in the Ottoman Empire. I tried to answer my research question which is â€Å"the effects of the guild organizations norms to the craftsmens process of production†. Firstly, I defined the world Akhism and its origins. Than, I mentioned its role and its importance in the society, I talked about its foundation, its development, and its weakening reasons. I stated its control mechanisms and the reasons of the decline of their control in the society. I expressed the reasons behind the change of the system (gedik). I indicated its work organization (errand boy, apprentice, qualified workman and master), the norms within the organization and the effects of the norms to the guilds production process; and lastly, I also denoted why Akhi organization was removed. I think that I could answer to my research question. In this project, my argument was that the norms of the guild organization were mainly shaped by religion. I saw that my argument was true. Because, in Akhi organizations, religion was the main point and the norms were based on futuwwatnamas religious and moral rules (Islamic Futuwah traditions laws); and also, a well-behaved lifestyle was ordered to craftsmen to be rewarded in ahiret by the God. To sum up, in this project, with the aim of analyzing the effects of the guild organizations norms to the craftsmens process of production and with the aim of verifying my argument, I made a literature review on Akhism. I gave detailed information about Akhism starting from its foundation until its removal, including its importance, its organization, its norms and its roles in the society.

Human genetics :: essays research papers

The Continuing Debate Over Human Cloning In the past few years, human cloning has gone from a laboratory fantasy to a global debate. There are many arguments supporting both negative and positive effects of human cloning. Human cloning raises a lot of challenging questions about human liberty, dignity, and identity. Will human cloning be a great step for man, or will it lead to moral abyss? This question is asked all the time. With great research one would realize that with the implementation of human cloning, there would be a huge medical and non-medical advancement. People with superior or mental attributes would be cloned, large armies could be created, single and infertile parents could have children, and certain species could be saved from extinction. In contrast to all the positives of human cloning, there are more negatives related to the subject, mostly moral and ethical negatives coming from ethicists, psychologists, theologians and the church, as well as many mandated laws against the cloning of humans. Cloning could also cause a serious overpopulation crisis. The first major point in favor of human cloning is that cancer patients would be able to have bone marrow transplants together with other organ transplants. The treatment for leukemia could be revolutionized. One of the more successful treatments for leukemia involves the transfer of the patient’s bone marrow through chemotherapy and the transplantation of healthy marrow cells. With marrow cells that are perfect Lomax 2 genetic matches for a leukemia patient could be created from that person with one’s own cell through the use of human cloning. Organ transplants and donations are not so efficient at this point in time. It does help, but more often it does not. This is because there are a lot of factors that are taken into account when an organ is replaced with a donated one. If someone dies, and has signed a paper allowing for his or her organs to be removed from his or her corpse and donated to people in need, and the organs proves to be healthy and working, then our donation policies prove effective. This, however, is not always the case. The fact that every second more people are born than die continues to limit the usefulness of this program. Cloning could undoubtedly remove all of these factors, by allowing corpses to rot away instead of being ripped open, and save thousands, maybe even millions, of lives.